Object Indexation is a grammatical phenomenon in which a clitic pronoun, co-referential with the free nominal object, appends to the verb. Optionality of Indexation in Persian leads us to consider the role of pragmatic and discoursal factors such as definiteness, specificity, and identifiability in its occurence. The present study aimed at investigating the influence of definiteness hierarchy on direct object Indexation in Persian. In order to have a relatively full picture of this process, we examined 455 cases of Indexation in colloquial Persian. The high frequency of definite direct object Indexation confirms the role of definiteness. Interestingly, in more than 90 percent of the cases the object is definite and just about 3 percent of the cases are indefinite nonspecific ones. More accurate investigations in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar show that only cognitively identifiable objects can be indexed. Hence, the basic requirement in direct object Indexation in Persian is identifiability of its referent. Consequently, there is a convincing explanation for Indexation of a few nonspecific objects in this language. The last point that merits consideration is the fact that all indexed objects, regardless of being definite or indefinite, go together with "Ra". Accordingly, "Ra" cannot be considered as definite or specific marker.

In this work, a regular polygon with n sides is described by a periodic (circular) sequence with period n. Each element of the sequence represents a vertex of the polygon. Each symmetry of the polygon is the rotation of the polygon around the center-point and/or flipping around a symmetry axis. Here each symmetry is considered as a system that takes an input circular sequence and generates a processed circular output sequence. The system can be described by a permutation function. Permutation functions can be written in a simple form using circular Indexation. The operation between the symmetries of the polygon is reduced to the composition of permutation functions, which in turn is easily implemented using periodic sequences. It is also shown that each symmetry is effectively a pure rotation or a pure flip. It is also explained how to synthesize each symmetry using two generating symmetries: time-reversal (flipping around a fixed symmetry axis) and unit-delay (rotation around the center-point by 2 /n radians clockwise).

The present study aims at investigating the nature of object indexed elements in Persian. This is an essential element for deciding about the layered structure of the clause in the framework of the Role and Reference Grammar.Because of the inefficiency of the mere formal approaches, we appeal to the Role and Reference Grammar, a functional-structural model which considers all morpho-syntactic units with regard to their usage in the context. The goal of the Role and Reference Grammar is to uncover the universal aspects of the clause structure, without imposing features on languages in which there is no evidence for them. The research is descriptive-analytic and uses the standard colloquial Persian as its data. To do this, the data of standard spoken Persian are extracted from various resources and then analyzed syntactically.The behavior of indexed elements signifies that they have not turned into the agreement markers, although they behave like them somehow. So in representing the clause structure of transitive sentences, we posit the indexed elements in INDEX node outside the AGREEMENT node. In the absence of overt object noun phrase, the indexed element can function as the argument in the clause.

Pension Indexation against inflation is crucial, especially in Iran with high and persistent inflation. Pensions worldwide are mainly adjusted automatically based on a definite Indexation rule, but in Iran, it is provided by a considerable discretionary power of government. Hence, the study of economic and political determinants of pension Indexation in Iran is critical and interesting.Methodology: This study using Iran’s Social Security Organization (ISSO)’s data of pensions paid from 1340 (1960) to 1396 (2018) computes annually the actual pension Indexation rate and explains it in a OLS model.Findings: The incomes of ISSO, other expenses like the cost of hospital and medical services, population dependency ratio, the minimum wage, economic (GDP) and political cycles (presidential and parliament elections) have great influences on the discretionary rate of pension Indexation in Iran. Old-age pensions in Iran are partly indexed against inflation with a ratio of 0.6, although in the years before presidential elections, pensions are indexed with a ratio of 1.23 above the inflation.Conclusion: Pensions in Iran become eventually inadequate and retirees’ life are affected by political cycles as a result of Indexation without a defined rule. The results show that ISSO’s pensions are provided effectively in a Pay-as-you-go system where dependency ratio and the contribution base are the most influential factors. Pensions were positively related with minimum wage and negatively with the country’s GDP showing that these welfare expenditures are countercyclical and act as an automatic stabilizer.JEL Classification: E3, H55, D72

The Art of Islamic Banking and Finance narrates the author’ s (Yahia Abdul-Rahman) achievement in constituting an interest-free bank in the U. S. A. As a matter of fact, he explores banking and finance laws and regularities in the U. S as well as the Islamic banking system in the world. The remarkable difference between these two kinds of banking systems is that the former is based on the monetary market and the latter on the real economy. In the Islamic banking system, the rent expense of a Commodity to be financed is measured based on rules known as “ Commodity Indexation” and “ marking to market” . Moreover, in such a system, the interest rate of the ordinary banking system is substituted with the rent expense of a Commodity. Thus, rent expenses are not fixed like interest rates. The prominent characteristic of an Islamic banking system is not only its interest-free feature but also its civility and social responsibility. The main pitfalls of the book include a lack of comprehensive discussion and a lack of reporting the Islamic banking systems of other Muslim countries. Besides, no thorough analysis of banking system experiences has been done and has not paid attention to the critique of the Iranian banking system.

Price risk management is one of the most important subjects for economists. In this respect, hedging is one way of adjusting and declining risk. Generally, in all the world, price of agricultural products has maney fluctuations. This is so because of the nature of its demand and supply. Therefore The price fluctuation is one of the most important reasons for establishing futures markets.To establish Commodity exchange, first of all, we need to know how it works, what are its characteristics, instruments and institutions, What are the operational, survaliances and legal framework of the Commodity exchange. In this paper, we introduce Commodity exchange and its characteristics .Then the instruments such as futures and forward contracts and options will be introduced. Legal, institutional & surveliance framework of the Commodity exchange will be studied. Then, we introduce the entrance indices of commodities to the exchange .In the last section, we investigate the consequences of establishing Commodity exchange in Iran.